Clytaemnestra And Medea Two Women Seeking Justice free essay sample

Exposition, Research Paper Clytaemnestra and Medea: Two grown-up females looking for justness Clytaemnestra and Medea are two grown-up females who are looking for justness for a wrong dedicated by their hubbies. Clytaemnestra? s hubby, Agamemnon, did non wrong here straight yet rather by implication. Agamemnon yielded their young lady Iphigeneia, so as to calm the Thracian air flows. For Clytaemnestra this brought a lot of scorn towards Agamemnon. Here Agamemnon had sold out Clytaemnestra and their young ladies trust, and for that she looked for counter. Medea? s hubby, Jason, had shamed her with his treachery. Medea looked to slaughter everything that was of import in Jason? s life so as to look for justness. Clytaemnestra and Medea are comparable yet extraordinary in the manners that they characterize justness, arrangement up their casualties, do the only sentence and in the terminal legitimize their activities. Clytaemnestra feels the solitary justness for the perish of her young lady, Iphigeneia, is the expire of Agamemnon. ? Represent a demonstration, sore for sore! ? is the solitary support that Clytaemnestra tins see ( Agamemnon 1555 ) . Medea other than considers expire to be the solitary legitimization for her hubbies? betrayal. ? To stay here, and in this I will do dead natural structures/Of three of my adversaries, - father, the miss and my hubby? ( Medea 370-71 ) . Medea says here that she wishes to murder Kreon, the male parent of the princess Jason will wed, the princess and Jason. Despite the fact that she neer slaughters Jason, she does effectively execute Kreon and the princess. Medea in this way says she should other than murder her children to do Jason harming. In their molding justness Clytaemnestra and Medea both feel perish is the solitary justness. Be that as it may, with Medea she does non intend to murder Jason. With the goal for Clytaemnestra to look for justness for her young ladies? perish, she needed to do Agamemnon experience as if nil was inaccurate. Clytaemnestra gives a huge location when Agamemnon shows up expressing everyone how? extraordinary the affection she bore her hubby, and the horrifying grief she had endured in his nonappearance? ( Hamilton 253 ) . She laid reddish woven artworks for him to stroll on, and made him experience as if he was commendable bounty to stroll on them. Like Clytaemnestra, Medea utilizes her words to do Kreon and Jason feel as if she is being earnest. Medea persuades Kreon to permit her hold another twenty-four hours before she is ousted, by expressing him that she needs to happen a topographic point to populate and that she needs to? search for help? for her children ( Medea 337-339 ) . Medea discloses to Jason that she is off base for what she has said and that he is directly for get marrieding a princess, since it will be better for their children ( Medea 845-954 ) . Clytaemnestra and Medea set their casualties up by doing them understanding as if nil is mistaken. Clytaemnestra chooses the way to execute Agamemnon is while he is washing, there he is unprotected. Clytaemnestra completes the sentence that she sees just by cut bringing down Agamemnon with a sharp edge multiple times. At that point she murders Cassandra, Agamemnon? s concubine he got for show signs of improvement ofing Troy, whom she sees as a disturbance whenever left alive. Medea, on the different manus does non use savage power from the start to murder like Clytaemnestra , then again she utilizes what she knows best, toxicant. Medea sends the children with Jason carrying a joyous bounty presents for the princess. These endowments comprise of a dress and aureate Crown bound with toxicant, which will execute any individual who interacts with it. The princess and Kreon both kick the bucket as an outcome of the toxicant stacked blessings. At the point when Medea discovers that the blessings executed the princess and Kreon she currently utilizes brutal power like Clytaemnestra, by turning the sharp edge on her children. Clytaemnestra is non each piece savage as is Medea. Clytaemnestra could hold murdered her kid for whom she saw as a danger, however picked non to in light of the fact that she adored her children so much ( Hamilton 257 ) . Could Clytaemnestra hold caused the stinging on Jason with out slaughtering her children? Clytaemnestra and Medea have two distinct assaults to justifying their activities. Clytaemnestra? ? saw no ground to explain her demonstration or excuse it. She was non an outlet in her ain eyes, she was a killer. She has rebuffed a vendor, an outlet of his ain child, ? he killed for the Thracian air flows, she feels it needs no record ( Hamilton 255 ) . She feels it is an? Represent act, sore for sore? ( Agamemnon 1555 ) , subsequently it is simply. In Euripides? Medea the ensemble does non happen botch with Medea for punishing Jason for what he had done. However, they do happen botch with her slaughtering her children, they see no support in it. With respect to Medea, she trusts it must be accomplished for two grounds. To begin with, the children? s fate was fixed when they conveyed the blessings to the princess. It is conceivable that resonations could hold been brought against the children, either by expire or being castawaies for their commitment. Second, and most fundamentally, the sheer truth of doing Jason harming. It is non Agamemnon? s betrayal that has brought forth Clytaemnestra? s disdain for her hubby, however? a female guardians love for a young lady, and a wedded lady? s finding to vindicate that perish by executing her hubby? ( Hamilton 252 ) . Clytaemnestra and Medea both feel that perish is the solitary legitimate activity for what their hubbies have done. The thing that matters is that Medea does non murder her hubby, on the other hand needs him to encounter the stinging of the expire that encompasses him. Both Clytaemnestra and Medea go through words to put their casualties yet they do non transport out the sentences completely in a similar way. Clytaemnestra to a great extent utilizes monster power where Medea utilizes her comprehension of toxicant to make the significant mischief. In the terminal however, Medea uses savage power to execute her children. One thing is left to request, could Medea hold carried this stinging to Jason without murdering her children? I do non accept so . Jason, is by all accounts generally disturbed by the perish of his children than he does of either Kreon or the princess? expire. Plants Cited Aeschylus. The Oresteia. Agamemnon. Trans. Robert Fagles. Lawall 1: 521-566. Euripides. Medea. Trans. Rex Warner. Lawall 1: 642? 672. Hamilton, Edith. Folklore: Dateless Narratives of Gods and Heros. New York: Warner Books, 1969. Lawall, Sarah and others, hazardous location frameworks. The Norton Anthology of World Masterpieces. seventh erectile brokenness. 2 vols. New York: W. W. Norton and Co. , 1999.

The Methods of American Business in Early 20th Century Free Essays

Somewhat more than a hundred years sooner, United States was a confined nation and the demeanor continued creating during that period. The Senate would not like to sanction the Versailles Peace Treaty that finished the First World War and went to a degree that the nation didn't join the League of Nations. Free movement into the nation that existed before was halted, business taxes for imports were expanded, and relocation from Asia was for all intents and purposes halted. We will compose a custom article test on The Methods of American Business in Early twentieth Century or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now However, the nation had some extraordinary abilities and one of that were the regularities in the methods of creation in the nation. The creation in America made less complex and more unpleasant merchandise, utilized significantly less of gifted work since machines and associations prevailing with regards to assuming control over a great deal of their obligations. (Delong 1997) Thus a few strategies for American business had been grown even before the beginning of the twentieth century and this may have given the nation the lead. It is hard to credit to a specific explanation the progressions that occurred in the American economy during the period before the Second World War America was not one of the pioneers of the Western World at that point as can be seen from the way that both the World Wars were begun by European nations and battled for a long while by those nations, and America possibly entered the contention when it was felt that the convention of majority rules system was going to be lost. However, there were presidents like Hoover who felt that decay of economy was harming the American work. This view had likewise been taken in 1917 when the legislature had chosen to nationalize the single biggest of American enterprises around then †the railways. (Vedder 1997) To a specific degree, the issues of governmental issues and mechanical changes were connected and the greatest measure of relationship is found on account of appointment of one of the most appealling of American presidents, Frederick D Roosevelt. One reason for his triumph at the decisions in 1936 is supposed to be the help given to him by the American Labor. This energized the worker's guild in the hands of CIO to look for more force and even test the authority of one of the country’s most remarkable organizations, General Motors. During this period, the organization was one of the most gainful and likely the biggest association in the nation. This was perceived by the magazines of the time too. The organization had 110 assembling plants arranged the whole way across the nation, utilized more than 250,000 individuals and was claimed by in excess of 500,000 investors. However, the disposition of the worker's organizations disturbed the administration and made them antagonistic to both the associations and the New Deal. Simultaneously, there was the Second World War in progress. (Lichtenstein 2003) Thus to a degree, the improvement of industry was being frustrated through political thoughts, yet it is hard to state who won. After the dying of Roosevelt, the perspectives changed and the associations wound up loosing the greater part of their capacity. That was additionally likely because of the contention of the American framework with the Russians who had come up as the most remarkable nation in the landmass of Europe. The development of the ventures of the nation was of mechanical items and the boss among them was the autos followed intently by radios, customer apparatuses and advancement of rural areas. The circumstance can be comprehended when we comprehend that the nation had enough vehicles making a course for state that it had more than one vehicle for each five in the populace. This is an accomplishment which numerous nations can't state even today. The explanation behind the advancement of the nation was large scale manufacturing and that additionally made it the most extravagant society existing on the planet. (Delong 1997) Though all the innovations were not made in the nation, yet it ensured that enormous numbers were created here as it had both the ability to deliver and the buyers for the products. It is inappropriate to state that there was significance just of creation for the War, yet creation had begun before. The idea behind this improvement was the thinking about the significant pioneers of American professional Henry Ford, Thomas A. Edison, Edward Filenes, and George Swope of General Electric among others. The downturn because of the financial exchange crash in 1929 was harming individuals of the nation and the president was seen as a fruitful representative and he was attempting to convince business to give assistance to the individuals of the nation through greater work. (Vedder 1997) Thus it is hard to state that creation for war had any significant effect on advancement of business preceding the beginning of the War. Simultaneously, after the creation limits were developed for the war, at that point one of the significant inquiries was the usage for use of this limit after the War. This issue had likewise been seen in 1929 when part of the purposes behind the accident was a drop of prerequisite of merchandise and enterprises separated from the somewhat crazy development of the financial exchange. This was tackled through the Marshall Plan and different strategies. It helped America to continue delivering against advances to be reimbursed by a lot less fortunate nations, some of whom were always unable to reimburse. The adjustments in residential economy throughout the century have not been surprising and practices of American shoppers have not changed a lot. There are a great deal of practical driving forces inside the American buyer which is tied up with the optimism that is tried to be advanced. It contains feelings for opportunity and self-satisfaction as the nation began with that fantasy, be that as it may, simultaneously, numerous Americans thought that it was hard to pay for those fantasies from their reserve funds but then required the things as they were felt to be the reason for their personality. This was not acknowledged in a considerable lot of the religions that the nation began with, yet even before the beginning of the twentieth century it was evaluated that the local residents of the nation had an eleven trillion dollar of credits in private obligation. (Horowitz 2003) This was spread among various individuals like the urban regular workers having credits with pawnbrokers, offices giving little advances and retailers selling products on portions. In any event, for building houses, advances were taken from building and advance affiliations which must be paid over a time of five years. Despite the way that this office of advances gave a great deal of help to people in buys, yet numerous conventional social laborers, financial analysts, church, investors, retailers and papers didn't care for them. (Horowitz 2003) The custom proceeds individuals despite everything continue assuming advances through acknowledgment cards and numerous different techniques. Houses are promised over and again with the goal that expansion in costs can be exploited. The convention proceeds. Post WWI Business (New Industries): This is hard to state the same number of enterprises are currently created in little parts. Then again, in America the people chose to focus on their private life. The endeavors were to isolate their lives from others through structure up of dividers, progressively lofty houses with yards and have an enormous number of machines †clothes washers for garments, fridges to store food and various ovens which could be utilized uniquely for singular dishes. (Delong 1997) Thus one would state that endeavors were more on flaunting singularity than on advancement as a social gathering. Unmistakably after the Second World War, the International situation of the American economy was seen distinctively by the amazing civil servants and lawmakers inside the nation. There was the historical backdrop of two significant wars, expressed by different nations, which were not settled without the impedance of America, however the whole course of wars was battled on different mainlands. This helped America as her open country and individuals were not straightforwardly assaulted. The circumstance was seen unmistakably in Germany which had lost a great deal of its physically fit men as did France. This had prompted those nations permitting countless foreigners to come in and a few issues for this are being found in France today. In any event, during the equalization of the twentieth century when Soviet Union crumbled, the sufferings were all the more straightforwardly found in Russia and different nations. The whole arranging of America likewise mirrored this disposition and new associations like CIA were created to manage educationists and others. (Arndt 2005) This shows plainly an inclination that botches in the region of political and social contemplations were felt to be conceivable to determine through plans. In this manner when America got into certain wars like those in Vietnam, Korea and Iraq; the individuals and the way of life of the nation couldn't conform to the misfortunes for quite a while. The acknowledgment of the way that the war was lost set aside some effort to soak in. Simultaneously, it ought to likewise be comprehended that for every one of these wars, there have been claims that business was keen on beginning some of them. As the nation has changed, the strategies have likewise changed and perhaps the greatest pattern is currently to have enormous partnerships. It even exists in the field of human services where there have been mergers of Hospital Corporation of America which had the most noteworthy turnover with American Hospital Supply which was the greatest provider of products to the medical clinic industry. At the point when this occurred in 1985, this was the biggest merger in America by associations outside the oil business. (Time1985) The point to consider here is that framing of organizations prompts increment in benefits with the goal that extra advantages can be paid to investors, and yet, this prompts increment in costs for the patients. Does it serve the normal resident of the nation? Some different challenges are created by the frameworks inside the nation like necessity of legislative licenses, benefits, appropriation, law and other such focal points. In addition, there are laws

Uncertified Teachers in Prince George’s County Schools :: essays papers

Uncertified Teachers in Prince George’s County Schools Ruler George’s County has been the biggest school region in Maryland for the past over twenty years. Be that as it may, because of under subsidizing, contrasted with other Maryland government funded school locale, Prince George’s County continues the second most elevated level of uncertified instructors in the state. The absence of affirmed educators has left enduring negative impacts on the Prince George’s province educational system. This issue goes a lot further than Prince George’s County, uncertified educator are being permitted into the study hall everywhere throughout the nation and have been for the most recent few decades, fundamentally because of instructor deficiencies. By definition a certified educator is relied upon to have a wide foundation of general instruction just as expert preparation.(Teacher) it has never been viewed as agreeable for an understudy to finish on 60% of material educated, for what reason would it be a good idea for it to be diverse for instructors? In the mid 1980s during an educator deficiency alumni of instructor training programs had lower levels of scholastic accomplishment than most school graduates were still permitted to instruct. In 1991-92, 16,000 instructors across the nation were uncertified. At present, 37 of 39 states utilize waivers, which permit bombing educators into study halls. Past endeavors at arrangements were Teachers for America, Experimental Certification of Ethnic Colleagues for Elementary Schools, temporary confirmation, and crisis affirmation. Educators for America is a simple, multi week intense training in instructor basic instincts educated principally by educators from their disturbed situation sites.(Roth, 220) These instructors are said to bring energy and keenness to the study hall. In downtown and urban educational systems, where the vast majority of the understudy body is poor and in the best need of good instructors, the TFA educators are introduced. While TFA is a smart thought and places educators in homerooms, some state that the kids who are being utilized as test subjects for this exploratory instructor preparing are languishing. Notwithstanding, in the wake of getting acclaim from some significant urban areas, its preparation program was endorsed in 1995 and it got $2 million from AmeriCorps, President Clinton’s national assi stance initiative.(Mosle, 3) Experimental Certification of Ethnic Colleagues for Elementary Schools (E3) was a push to increment the portrayal of guys and non-white individuals on showing staffs of basic schools,(Shade, 261) because of educator deficiencies. This arrangement was actualized for a long time and was fruitful. Temporary affirmation is given to an individual who has been confirmed in another state and has passed the Praxis II, however who needs a couple of courses Maryland requires for educators.

The Nuiances of Stanford Mba Essay Samples

The Nuiances of Stanford Mba Essay Samples You may also get many discounts on our site which will help you to save some more money for future orders or anything you want to spend them on. This has worked for any number of my clientele. Try as difficult as you can not to be repetitive. If this is the case, you aren't alone. Understanding Stanford Mba Essay Samples The huge difference between both questions is the audience. Choosing our service, you are going to see that studying can be simple if you gain from the aid of competent experts. One of the absolute most important things to keep in mind about this supplement, much like all supplements that lob a plethora of essays and short answer questions at you, is that every response is a chance to reveal something new about yourself to admissions. You should have your reasons, and our primary concern is that you wind up getting an excellent grade. Stanford Mba Essay Samples Features I will graduate equipped to get my best imp act yet. My work has been a direct portion of our institution's expansion out of our province into the remainder of China. As Professor Damon would say, we're helping you ensure your rudder steers you to the appropriate port. This would permit you to put your very best foot forward. I am rather grateful that my mom is currently healing and am motivated to permit other people to experience the exact same change I see in her. Excellent rating and excellent reviews should tell you whatever you want to understand about this excellent writing service. You don't have a good deal of space here, so make sure that you concentrate on personal and strong details which other men and women couldn't replicate. This usually means that we'll admit someone regardless of the application essays if we feel we've gotten a fantastic sense of the individual all around. Furthermore, the essays that follow are most likely to supply comfort, that there's no formula or singular method to craft a prosperous answer. The Ultimate Stanford Mba Essay Samples Trick These are things you are not able to receive at each b-school. What you opt to write about will give admissions an idea about what you truly care about and how you unde rstand the world. Such questions need deep introspection for you to get to the core of your nature and influences. And, since much as you are able to have fun with these. What Is So Fascinating About Stanford Mba Essay Samples? Finally, it is Durham itself. Show them which you'll be an important addition to any classroom setting. The ideal way to do so is regarding your desired post-MBA expert direction. Moreover, I think that my own distinct perspective as a global student will enrich our discussions. A seasoned professional will make an error-free assignment right away and can help you boost your grades. My long-term career objective is to launch or join an important startup devoted to bettering education and creating educational opportunities where they don't currently exist. It's quite the opposite. Or maybe you want more knowledge in entrepreneurship. As someone who's frequently contacted by those people who have failed to acquire admission to Stanford and need to understand why, I frequently realize that they don't make this decision. Inside my experience, Stanford highly values Thought Leaders in addition to individuals who demonstrate more standard types of leadership. Like so many other universities, it wants to get a feel for your commitments outside the classroom as well as in. Unshockingly, given that it is the most difficult university to get into in the country, this supplement is a doozie. Many schools have a variant of this sort of essay. If you take a close look at any good MBA essay examples which you will discover on the internet you will observe that the standard of writing employed is quite high. Write various other schools essays first. Stanford gives a good deal of suggestions and guidance on its website in regard to what it's searching for in the essays. PaperCoach will be able to help you with all your papers, so take a look at this time!

The Positive Relationship Between Profitability And Leverage Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 952 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? The prediction of information asymmetry hypothesis by Myers and Majluf (1984) is approved by the negative sign whereas the predictions of bankruptcy theory and free-cash flow hypothesis by Jensen (1984) are not substantiated. It is thus proved that pecking order theory dominates trade-off theory. Frydenberg(2001b) describes retained earnings as the most important source of financing. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Positive Relationship Between Profitability And Leverage Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Good profitability thus reduces the need for external debt. So result is conformity with our findings. Hence, the trade-off theory suggests a positive relationship between profitability and leverage because high profitability promotes the use of debt and provides an incentive to firms toavail the benefit of tax shields on interest payments. The pecking order theory postulatesthat firms prefer to use internally generated funds when available and choose debt overequity when external financing is required. Thus, this theory suggests a negativerelationship between profitability (a source of internal funds) and leverage. Severalempirical studies have also reported a negative relationship between profitability andleverage (Toy et al., 1974; Titman and Wessels, 1988; Rajan and Zingales, 1995; Wald,1999; Booth et al., 2001; Chen, 2004; Bauer, 2004; Tong and Green, 2005; Huang and Song,2006; Zou and Xiao, 2006; Viviani, 2008; Jong et al., 2008; Serrasqueiro and RogaÃÆ'†¹Ãƒâ€¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"o , 2009). Debt to Equity Ratio: According to our results beta coefficient is -0.326, whereas the value t-statistics is -2.257. Level of significance is 0.033. Debt to Equity Ratio is negatively correlated to leverage at -0.068. Our result shows that money lenders have been risk averse and they try to insure their profitability along with principle amount. If company debt ratio continuously shows increasing trend, this will give bad impression to money lenders so they will not be willing to invest. In this case companies always prefer to use their internal funds or retained. Harry Markowitz(1952) Current Ratio:Current ratio variable is positively correlated at coefficient of 0.362. Value of t-statistics is 2.622 this shows a highly significant result at 0.015. Our correlation table suggests that there is a highly significant positive correlation between current ratio and leverage. The value of Pearson correlation is 0.482**. This would encourage the investor to invest in companies with high current ratio becaus e in this case companies Current Assets shows increasing trend. In case of company default these assets will ensure investors repayment of principle amount. So companies can easily get leverage. Conclusion Using 5 variants of panel data analysis, we attempt to find the determinants of capital structure of KSE listed none-financial firms for the period 2005-2010. The effect of 5 explanatory variables is measured on leverage ratio which is calculated by dividing the total debt by total assets. Tangibility is significantly negatively related to debt. In Pakistan, where court process is slow and accounting profits do not reflect a true picture of firm performance, creditors prefer the security of specific claim on fixed assets. The prediction of trade-off theory is confirmed by our result. Size, measured by natural log of sale, has a negatively coefficient but is insignificant. It means that firms in the sample do not consider their sizes as an active variable in deciding the leverage level. Size gives a comparative advantage of lower asymmetric information when a large firm makes an IPO. Referencess Altman, E. 1984.A further empirical investigation of the bankruptcy cost question, Journal of Finance, Vol. 39, pp.1067-1089. Amihud, Y. and B. Lev. 1981. Risk reduction as a managerial motive for conglomerate mergers, Bell Journal of Economics, Vol.12 pp. 605-616 Banerjee, S., A. Heshmati, and C. Wihlborg. 2000. The dynamics of capital structure, SSE/EFI Working Paper Series in Economics and Finance 333, pp.1-20. Baker, G.P., M. C. Jensen and K.J. Murphy. 1988. Compensation and incentives: Practice vs. theory Journal of Finance, Vol. 43, pp. 593-615 Baltagi 2001, Econometric Analysis of Panel Data, 2nd Edition John Wiley Sons. Barclay, M.J., Smith C.W. and Watts, R.L. 1995.The determinants of corporate leverage and dividend policies, Journal of Applied Corporate Finance, Vol. 7 pp. 4-19. Baxter, N. 1967.Leverage, risk of ruin and the cost of capital, The Journal of Finance, Vol.22.pp- 395-403 Booth, L., V. Aivazian, A. Demirguc-Kunt, and V. Maksmivoc, 2001 , Capital structures in developing countries, Journal of Finance Vol. 56, 87-130 Bradley, Jarrell and Kim. 1984. on the existence of an optimal capital structure: theory and evidence, Journal of Finance, Vol. 39, pp. 857-878 Cheung, C.S, and ItzhakKrinsky. 1994 Information asymmetry and the underpricing of initial public offerings: further empirical evidence, Journal of Business Finance Accounting, Vol. 21 pp- 739-747 DeAngelo, H. and R. W. Mausulis. 1980. Optimal capital structure under corporate and personal taxation, Journal of Financial Economics, pp- 3-29 Allen, D.E. and Mizuno, H. (1989), The Determinants of Corporate Capital Structure: Japanese Evidence, Applied Economics, Vol. 21, pp. 569- 585. Anderson, C.W., Makhija, A.K. (1999), Deregulation, disintermediation and agency cost of debt: evidence from Japan, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 51, No.2, pp.309-40. Anderson, R., Mansi, S. and Reebc, D., (2003), Founding Family Ownership and the Agency Cost of Debt, Journal of Financial Economics, Vol. 68, 263-285. Baer, H. L., Caprio, G., Demirguc-Kunt, A. and D. Vittas, (1994), Term Finance: Theory and Evidence, World Bank mimeo. Balance Sheet Analysis of Joint Stock Companies Listed on the Karachi Stock Exchange, various Volumes (1988-2005), Statistics and DWH Department, State Bank of Bank of Pakistan. Banerjee A, Dolado J, Galbraith JW, Hendry DF. (1993), Cointegration, Error Correction, and the Econometric Analysis of Non-Stationary Data, Oxford University Press: Oxford. Bannerjee, A., J. Dolado and R. Mestre, (1998), Error-Correction Mechanism Tests for Cointegration in Single Equation Framework, Journal of Time Series Analysis, Vol. 19, 267-283. Barclay, M. J. and Clifford, W. Smith, (1995), The Maturity Structure of Corporate Debt, Journal of Finance, Vol. 50, pp.609-631. Bauer, P. (2004), Capital Structure of Listed Companies in Visegrad Countries, Prague Economi c Papers, No. 13. Bevan, A. A. and Danbolt, J., (2000), Capital Structure and its Determinants in the United Kingdom: A Decompositional Analysis, Department of Accounting and Finance, University of Glasgow, Working Paper No. 2000/2.

Analysis Of Ray Bradbury s All Summer - 1476 Words

In determining a topic for my research paper I began to think about what struggles I faced as an eighth grade teacher. I currently teach general education, an integrated co-teaching (ICT) class, and an ESL class in a widely culturally diverse school in Queens. In the last two years I also taught honors classes. I notice that the biggest challenge facing students from all my classes was reading comprehension. It was evident very early on in my teaching career that many struggling students who can technically read quite well don’t understand what they are reading. Their ability to decode words is far greater than their ability to make sense of the words. Without meaning, words are just words! I recently had one of my general education classes complete a literature circle on futuristic texts, one of which was Ray Bradbury s All Summer in a Day. It s a short story about children living on planet Venus who only get to experience the sun once every seven years. I found a fantastic recording of the story online with great inflection, and I decided to play this so my students could follow along as we read. I thought it might limit distractions and help them focus on the text. I watched as one girl in particular (let s call her Amy), read along, her eyes firmly on the paper. Amy was one of those loquacious students who was often served as a distraction for her peers and it felt damned good to see her so concentrated. After the reading was over, students began working onShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of Metaphors and Symbols in Fahrenheit 4512249 Words   |  9 PagesFarris 3 Lauren Farris Mrs. Reid AP English 4 21 March 2006 Analysis of Metaphors and Symbols in Fahrenheit 451 Fahrenheit 451, by Ray Bradbury takes the reader to a time where firemen do not put out fires; they start them in order to burn books, because books and intelligent thinking is outlawed. By using a combination of metaphors and symbols in this novel, Bradbury deepens the intricacy of his central them that censorship and too much government control is dangerous, and men should beRead MoreTheme Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde And Something Wicked This Way Comes1837 Words   |  8 Pagesabiding superego, the pleasure driven id, and the ego that mediates between the two. It is clear that one’s decisions are always being influenced by external factors. This idea is portrayed in both Robert Louis Stevenson’s Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde and Ray Bradbury’s Something Wicked this Way Comes. The story of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde follows a lawyer as he attempts to uncover the mystery of his friend Dr. Jekyll and his connection to the id-driven Mr. Hyde. Something Wicked this Way Comes is about threeRead MoreLiterary Criticism : The Free Encyclopedia 7351 Words   |  30 Pagesnovel is sometimes used interchangeably with Bildungsroman, but its use is usually wider and less technical. The birth of the Bildungsroman is normally dated to the publication of Wilhelm Meister s Apprenticeship by Johann Wolfgang Goethe in 1795–96,[8] or, sometimes, to Christoph Martin Wieland s Geschichte des Agathon of 1767.[9] Although the Bildungsroman arose in Germany, it has had extensive influence first in Europe and later throughout the world. Thomas Carlyle translated Goethe’s novelRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pageswealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student support from an experienced student user Ask your local representative for details! CollaborateRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCity Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo Editorial Director: Sally Yagan Director of Editorial Services: Ashley Santora Acquisitions Editor: Brian Mickelson Editorial Project Manager: Sarah Holle Editorial Assistant: Ashlee Bradbury VP Director of Marketing: Patrice Lumumba Jones Senior Marketing Manager: Nikki Ayana Jones Senior Managing Editor: Judy Leale Production Project Manager: Becca Groves Senior Operations Supervisor: Arnold Vila Operations Specialist: Cathleen Petersen

Arts Crafts Bauhaus Movements free essay sample

Compares 19th Cent. British 1920s German art schools. Looks at the origins, critiques of society modernization, leadership, love of beauty utility. The Arts and Crafts Movement, that began in nineteenth-century Britain, and the Bauhaus movement, that started in Germany in the 1920s, had many goals in common. Both movements were interested in uniting all the arts and crafts and giving them equal dignity. Both movements were also deeply concerned with the role of the artist as worker and with the nature of work in general. Most importantly, both movements believed in beautiful design and well-made work as an enhancement of life. The importance of industrialized production and its aesthetic effects was a central question for both movements, but this was also the main point on which they disagreed. Both movements held that the industrialized production of goods had transformed the world. But, while the original Arts and Crafts movement largely rejected the machine age and all its productions, the Bauhaus. We will write a custom essay sample on Arts Crafts Bauhaus Movements or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page .

Zakes Mda redressing the past Essay Example For Students

Zakes Mda: redressing the past Essay South African playwright Zakes Mda has the outward calm and practiced smile of one who has answered the same obvious questions many times before. In a cool, dark office on the Yale University campus, he sits rather uncomfortably across the table from me, his speech reserved, his hands extended palms downward on the tabletop in a strangely formal gesture. Only occasionally does he raise his fingertips or his voice to punctuate his carefully chosen words. And yet Mdas passion is obvious when the topic turns to American impressions of South African drama. South African theatre is notthe voice and the fingertips come momentarily to lifea homogeneous monolith. What Americans see as representative of South African drama, Mda explains, are plays written purely for export and in a manner which is acceptable to overseas audiences but which fails to depict the rich and varied cultural and political context of contemporary South Africa. What is seen outside of South Africa, touring European and American venues, represents only one or two categories of what makes South African theatre. Outline1 Pocket of resistance  2 No happy endings  3 A taste for sexual equality  4 Bitter stalemate   Pocket of resistance   We will write a custom essay on Zakes Mda: redressing the past specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now For the past year, Mda has been a visiting fellow at Yales South African Research Project. Although his work is virtually unknown in this country (with the notable exception of The Road, which won the American Theater Associations Christina Crawford Award in 1984), Mdas reputation as a political playwright, poet, painter and educator is well established in Europe and in Africa, especially in his native country, where his political writings for the stage have seen frequent production since the late 1970s at the Peoples Space Theatre in Capetown, the Market Theatre in Johannesburg and the Grahamstown Festival. His three volumes of published dramatic works include We Shall Sing for the Fatherland (1978), The Hill (1979)both winners of major writing awards and the highly acclaimed And the Girls in Their Sunday Dresses. Born in South Africas impoverished rural Cape Province, Mda was forced as a teenager to follow his parents into political exile in nearby Lesotho, a tiny independent sovereignty surrounded on all sides by South Africa and heavily dependent on the larger nation for economic survival. Lesotho is widely known as a pocket of political resistance in southern Africas landscape, a place of exile for many black refugees. It is also at the heart of South Africas sprawling rural outlands: desolate areas of inhuman living conditions, abusive mining practices and slave-like farm labor which constitute a kind of South African Siberia far from the urban and industrial hubs of Capetown, Johannesburg and their adjacent black townships. It is primarily these urban areas and the experience of the township dwellers (particularly young, unattached males) which serve as the focus of South African drama and literature seen in the U.S. By comparison, Mdas plays evoke a South Africa of rural hardship and exile little known to Americans. Plays such as The Road, The Hill and Dark Voices Ring (1979) document the miles of open, unpaved road and the hostile terrain traversed by mine workers and migrant laborers in search of employment; they are peopled with the unwilling itinerant, the relocated and dispossessed, the political-refugee. Mdas latest play, The Dying Screams of the Moon, written while he was in residence at Yale, dramatizes a controversy regularly making the news in post-apartheid South Africa and, not incidentally, serves as the playwrights response to what he sees as the limited political and racial perspective of another contemporary public event: Athol Fugards most recent work, Playland. Like that drama, Mdas The Dying Screams of the Moon depicts an interracial encounter between two strangers in present-day South Africa. I have always enjoyed Athol Fugards work, says Mda. But at the same time I have vehemently disagreed with him in almost everything he has written. My South Africa is different from Athol Fugards South Africa. Thats the crux of the matter. .u6ff8599ba4eb54252e42eda60a29e69b , .u6ff8599ba4eb54252e42eda60a29e69b .postImageUrl , .u6ff8599ba4eb54252e42eda60a29e69b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u6ff8599ba4eb54252e42eda60a29e69b , .u6ff8599ba4eb54252e42eda60a29e69b:hover , .u6ff8599ba4eb54252e42eda60a29e69b:visited , .u6ff8599ba4eb54252e42eda60a29e69b:active { border:0!important; } .u6ff8599ba4eb54252e42eda60a29e69b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u6ff8599ba4eb54252e42eda60a29e69b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u6ff8599ba4eb54252e42eda60a29e69b:active , .u6ff8599ba4eb54252e42eda60a29e69b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u6ff8599ba4eb54252e42eda60a29e69b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u6ff8599ba4eb54252e42eda60a29e69b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u6ff8599ba4eb54252e42eda60a29e69b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u6ff8599ba4eb54252e42eda60a29e69b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u6ff8599ba4eb54252e42eda60a29e69b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u6ff8599ba4eb54252e42eda60a29e69b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u6ff8599ba4eb54252e42eda60a29e69b .u6ff8599ba4eb54252e42eda60a29e69b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u6ff8599ba4eb54252e42eda60a29e69b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Court clashes over free speech Essay No happy endings   Mda feels that in Playland as well as earlier plays, Fugard has depicted black South Africans as meek, humble, pitiable people who just accept all with stoic endurance. Mda refuses to corroborate this fatalistic typing of his people; he also refuses what he calls the happily ever after ending of Playland, a piece which one South African critic labeled theatre of reconciliation. Reconciliation, nods Mda. Thats a very wishful situation, but the play does not address the crucial issues in South Africa now. The ownership of landand the difference between current government attempts at reconciliation and true reparation for injustices of the pastis the subject of The Dying Screams of the Moon. In Mdas words, The past must be addressed. And not only must it be addressed, it must be redressed as well. Under the Group Areas Act of 1912, the South African government forcibly removed black communities from their ancestral lands, declaring those lands white only areas for purposes of, among other things, economic development. Such development frequently meant that white commercial farmers were given exclusive right to purchase the confiscated property at extremely reasonable prices. Since the repeal of the Act in 1989, thousands of displaced and homeless blacks have redoubled their ongoing attempts to reclaim what was forcibly taken from them. A taste for sexual equality   People have wanted to return to their ancestral lands from day one, insists Mda. They didnt just move away like Boesman and Lena and start wandering around. They refused to move. But the government prevailed because it was all too powerful. Now, explains Mda, the problem is even more complex because the land legally belongs to white farmers, some of whom have been living on it for generations. In The Dying Screams of the Moon, a middle-aged black woman identified only as Lady has returned to the Valley of the Moon to reclaim the land from which she was forcibly removed as a child. The valley is now known as Victory Farms, a title given it by the white landowner whose family purchased the land decades earlier and who has turned it into a highly profitable commercial farm. The farmers interests are represented in the play by his daughter, Missy, a young woman who, like the white veteran Gideon le Roux in Playland, is a former soldier of the South African Defense Force, the military body responsible for forcibly putting down black resistance and for fighting the bloody and long-standing war of occupation with neighboring Namibia. Lady, it turns out, is also a veteran of South Africas violent race struggles, but from the opposite side: She is a former freedom fighter who has planned and executed guerrilla attacks on South African targets while living in forced exile. Bitter stalemate   What these former warriors share, they eventually discover, is a taste for the relative sexual equality they experienced as women given ranking positions of authority in the military. However, that taste has been tainted by the professional jealousy of male comrades and of lovers. Both women have lost their male companions by refusing to resume subservient female roles when returning to civilian life. This shared experience of personal potential cut short by sexual jealousy and oppression becomes a point of bonding between the interracial pair. Like the two men in Fugards Playland, these women enact a communal bearing of witness and a mutual absolution of sins in the course of the play. And yet, Mda ends Dying Screams on a note of bitter stalemate between these two newfound friends over their mutually exclusive claims to the land. In the words of Lady, Healing and redemption will only come when the pain of the past, which is in fact our present pain, has been addressed. .ub982d9578f150ea203410dcac644c999 , .ub982d9578f150ea203410dcac644c999 .postImageUrl , .ub982d9578f150ea203410dcac644c999 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub982d9578f150ea203410dcac644c999 , .ub982d9578f150ea203410dcac644c999:hover , .ub982d9578f150ea203410dcac644c999:visited , .ub982d9578f150ea203410dcac644c999:active { border:0!important; } .ub982d9578f150ea203410dcac644c999 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub982d9578f150ea203410dcac644c999 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub982d9578f150ea203410dcac644c999:active , .ub982d9578f150ea203410dcac644c999:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub982d9578f150ea203410dcac644c999 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub982d9578f150ea203410dcac644c999 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub982d9578f150ea203410dcac644c999 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub982d9578f150ea203410dcac644c999 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub982d9578f150ea203410dcac644c999:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub982d9578f150ea203410dcac644c999 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub982d9578f150ea203410dcac644c999 .ub982d9578f150ea203410dcac644c999-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub982d9578f150ea203410dcac644c999:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Violet - A Musical by Jeanine Tesori and Brian Crawley EssayWe would like to have that wishful ending that Playland has, Mda laments, but the perspective of the black people is that as long as justice has not been served, there will never be any true reconciliation. The raised hands now come to rest once more on the tabletop. The voice, which has gradually climbed to a high pitch of insistence, returns to its clear and measured tones. But Mdas practiced smile has disappeared, as have other signs of his earlier discomfort. In the new smile which spreads across his face, one can read the artists desire to engage another in the passionate convictions which have given birth to his work.

Dark Secrets essays

Dark Secrets essays For our collage drama we chose to base it on youth. I have chosen to perform a scripted piece of drama. A dark secret that is about a teenage girl named Alex who shots her because she cant cope with everything anymore. Alex was always helping her friends and family and never having time for her. When Alex finally does something for her everyone hates her for it. This piece of scripted drama is a sad emotional play. The purpose of the youth performance is to let people know what teenagers go through. The message dark secrets is trying to get across is teenagers go through a lot of personal issues that their closet friend and family dont know about. No matter how you think you are to some one you never know when they might be keeping something from you. Look are deceiving just because they appear to be all happy smiles on the outside doesnt necessarily mean that is them on the inside. A dark secret is a small group performance the group consists of 6 actors. Each actor plays one role each. Our group chose roles that would be easy for us to relate to. Jessie played by Tamara Horne; Jessie is a female character, girl friend of Alex. Alex is the main character who commits suicide. Alex has a twin sister Liz. Sheri Campbell plays Liz. Liz has a hard time coming to terms with what Alex did and trys to find an answer in Chloe. I play Krystal Kavanagh Chloe. Chloe is Alexs best friend who also trys to find answers why did she do it, why did she kill herself. All the characters in dark secrets as them selves repeatedly ask them self-why but one character inpaticular that wonders why is Jamie. Jamie is the only male character in this performance. Chantelle Newton plays him. Chantelle portrays the male character very well. Chris is another one of Alexs friends who has trouble coming to an explanation of WHY? Dark secrets go for roughly 20 minutes. Throughout this pe ...

What should the UK Government do to make our transport systems work Essay

What should the UK Government do to make our transport systems work better - Essay Example Road congestion has now become a trend in the society and even for individuals in particular. As we have observed, traffic is very rampant especially during the so-called â€Å"rush hours† wherein people are in the speed for work or school. So, as the inconvenience of road congestion grows, cities world wide are struggling to deal the problem of increasing mobile population (Edwards & Smith, 2008, p1). Not being notice by many, that this simple phenomenon on transport problems can produce other problems in the society, or at least point, it contributes to it. We shall see in the study made by Edwards and Smith, the domino effect of the growing mobile population to other predicted problems and even to unforeseen predicaments. Thus, we can see this scenario in a dynamic complexity manner wherein it is still rational to say (though hardly be seen with just a simple glance), that these effects are a by-product of such occurrence (growing mobile population) and that they are simult aneously linked to one another. Problems in the society today like oil price hikes, global warming and economic recessions are mentioned to be the result of a mounting transport population. In their paper entitled â€Å"Transport Problems Facing by Large Cities†, it depicts relevant factors which cause transportation problems. The researchers focus their study mainly on four large world cities, particularly London, Tokyo, Paris and New York. As a result of the study made, the researchers conclude several factors that affect the transportation and traffic flows as well as the other flaws linked to it. These would include: large population; high car dependency; and ageing transport infrastructure. We can also see in their study the connection of transport predicament as an inevitable result of other world issues that we are facing at present. Simple questions like â€Å"how does a large population affects the expansion of new transportation business?† to a more complex q uestion like â€Å"how can a high mobile dependency scenario can lead to economic recessions?† will be discussed and shown in the later part. What the government can do and must do is to make our transportation system better is to create and enact a law or a policy that will efficiently and effectively solve the issue. Though there are already existing policies with regards to this problem, it is still lacking because it does not yet solve the identified predicament. Moreover, the aspect that we will be focusing will be the factors indicated by Edwards and Smith in their study to come up with a strategic policy to answer the problems on transportation in UK as well as its under-effects. There are already proposals to this matter that this paper will be dealing into to have a competitive policy that will somehow ensure a better transport system. But first we must have to look at the factors which contribute more to transportation problem to have a greater knowledge on which to concentrate more our policy to avoid misusage of effort as well as money and to achieve our desired result in a more effective manner. The diagram in the next page will show relevant connections on the factors mentioned by Edwards and Smith regarding transportation problems and there effects on other problems. MONOPOLY IN TRANSPOTATION BUSINESS LARGE POPULATION EXPANSION OF TRANS. BUSINESS LOW BUSINESS COMPETTIVENESS HIGHER RATE OF TRANSPORTATION DEMAND HIGH MOBILE ROAD DEPENDENCY CONGESTION ECONOMIC RECESSION OIL SCARCITY IN WORLD MARKET HIGH CO2 EMISSION/ AIR POLLUTION OIL PRICE HIKE DECLINE IN PRODUCTION GLOBAL WARMING INFLATIONS LOWER CONSUMPTION The Domino Effect As we can see in the diagram, the primary contributor in the interlinked world problems would be the factor of high mobile dependency. If we notice, there is a cause and effect relations between transportation problems to other economic, societal and environmental predicaments that will

SIMS Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

SIMS Review - Essay Example As these discounts are likely to be provided on several years terms, it is impossible to eliminate the cash shortage problem by changing these discount immediately. This measure would affect the quality of the patient care in the hospital and make it lose even more money. The company must try to cut down the variable costs of the company which are usually subject to economies of scale. Up to certain point the marginal cost of providing extra unit of care is less than the average cost and thus the company should try to achieve the optimal level of servicing clients and try to cut down the variable costs. The second problem was estimated as giving nurses too high wages as the need for acute nurses was not met. If the increased wages were due to the fact that there was need for such services, this choice cannot also be eliminated and the staff should not be downsized. On the other hand, the best strategy would be to downsize the agency staff costs which are not directly associated to providing care services and thus must be at the optimal level. The agency staff hiring that the optimal number needed for successful hospital operation was estimated wrong and must be revalued as agency or contract staff is usually paid twice as much as regular workers for the same amount of utility they bring to the hospital. The third problem was low medical reimbursement levels which amounted to 70% charged to clients. As the hospital derives approximately 40% of its' revenues from Medicare patients this is a big loss for the company and this reveals that the staff hired to work in this direction is not performing efficiently thus resulting in working capital shortage. As the Medicare payments cannot be changed directly by the hospital and are set based on historical costs, the company can eliminate this problem only by providing efficient system of monitoring in time receiving these payments. The company has also experienced dramatic growth in current liabilities which mean that the company was spending a lot even though no major purchases for the company were made. This means that the hospital is not allocating resources efficiently. The next problem was estimated as unused equipment in patients' rooms which means some strategic mistakes which lead to purchasing this equipment but now it is not used. Together with reducing agency staff expenses the second strategy was chosen to reduce the staff benefits which include health insurance, retirement, salary increases above the market salaries, different bonuses and paid leave benefits. This can be a bad strategy in the long term as the best doctors can leave the hospital but the optimal choice would be to reduce these benefits for the newcomers to the hospital and reward those who add the highest value to the hospital services quality. This will on the other hand give incentives to newcomers to work harder to achieve higher rewards. This will generate sufficient cash flows for the hospital in the short term and will not affect the customer services quality hypothetically and slightly. These two measures of cost reduction will save the company $4,717,000 while the hospital has savings goal of $900,000 and is expected to receive over $2,300,000 in three months that is why it has to generate some cash until

Tornado in Oklahama Essay Example for Free

Tornado in Oklahama Essay Tornadoes are violent rotating column of air extending from a thunderstorm to the ground. Tornadoes are known to cause a lot of destruction depending on how violent it occurs. Tornadoes are more common in the United States than any other country. United States receives more than one thousand two hundred tornadoes annually. Most tornadoes in the United States occur in Tornado Alley; an area including states of Oklahama, Texas, Missouri and Kansas. This piece of work will mainly dwell on comparison of data of tornadoes occurring in states of Oklahama, Arkansas, Kansas and Missouri. METHODS Quantitative Data Analysis This is the method used to correct this piece of work where the various portions of the data where collected from records Time series: the information used to conduct this study was done over a period of time where tornadoes frequency, fatality, injuries and number of deaths are indicated. RESULTS Compared with other states, Oklahama ranks number 2 for frequency to tornadoes, 7 for number of death,9 for injuries and 5 for cost of damages. If we compare this statistics to other states by frequency per square mile, Oklahama ranks number 2 for frequency of tornadoes, number 10 for fatalities, number 15 for injuries per square and number 4 for cost per area. The state of Missouri ranks number 8 for frequency, 12 for number of deaths, 15 for injuries and 9 for cost of damage. Comparing with statistics of other states by frequency per square mile, Missouri ranks number 13 for frequency of tornadoes, 14 for fatalities, 19 for injuries per square and 15 for cost per area. In Kansas we have it ranked 3 for frequency of tornadoes, 8 for number of deaths, 14 for injuries and 3 for cost of damage. In comparison with statistics of other states it ranks number 4 for frequency of tornadoes, 13 for fatalities, 22 for injuries per area and 8 for cost per area. Arkansas is ranked number 16 for frequency of tornadoes, 8 for number of deaths, and 14 for injuries 3 for cost of damage. When compared with statistics of other states by frequency per square mile, Arkansas ranks number 16 for frequency of tornadoes, 5 for fatalities, 7 for injuries per square and 16 per cost per area.

Fichtes Subjective Idealism Essay -- Philosophy Essays

Fichte's Subjective Idealism With a dramatic dialectic style, Fichte expounds his subjective idealism which seriously undermines claims of an external world and which ultimately borders on solipsism. Beginning with the question of Free Will, Fichte concludes that there is none before engaging a mysterious Spirit in a philosophical dialogue over the nature of Fichte's knowledge. In the end, Fichte curses the Spirit for revealing the grim truth: "all reality is transformed into a fabulous dream, without there being any life the dream is about, without there being a mind that dreams." Following the same path of reasoning as the dialogue, the Spirit begins by asking Fichte how he knows of external objects. In answering that the knowledge of external object arrives as a result of direct, immediate sense perception, Fichte concedes that he possesses no direct consciousness of outside objects, but only of himself. "In all perception you only perceive yourself," since perception is merely the conscious recognition of observation statements such as 'I see' ... Fichte's Subjective Idealism Essay -- Philosophy Essays Fichte's Subjective Idealism With a dramatic dialectic style, Fichte expounds his subjective idealism which seriously undermines claims of an external world and which ultimately borders on solipsism. Beginning with the question of Free Will, Fichte concludes that there is none before engaging a mysterious Spirit in a philosophical dialogue over the nature of Fichte's knowledge. In the end, Fichte curses the Spirit for revealing the grim truth: "all reality is transformed into a fabulous dream, without there being any life the dream is about, without there being a mind that dreams." Following the same path of reasoning as the dialogue, the Spirit begins by asking Fichte how he knows of external objects. In answering that the knowledge of external object arrives as a result of direct, immediate sense perception, Fichte concedes that he possesses no direct consciousness of outside objects, but only of himself. "In all perception you only perceive yourself," since perception is merely the conscious recognition of observation statements such as 'I see' ...

Income Smoothing

Journal of Economics, Business and Accountancy Ventura Accreditation No. 110/DIKTI/Kep/2009 Volume 14, No. 1, April 2011, pages 59 – 78 THE THEORETICAL CONSTRUCTION OF INCOME SMOOTHING MEASUREMENT Alwan Sri Kustono Jember University E-Mail: [email  protected] com Tegal Besar Permai 2-E1,Jember,Propinsi Jawa Timur,Indonesia ABSTRACT The income smoothing is a dimension of the accounts manipulation theme that has been a ttracting a great attention in the accounting literature. A goal of manipulation widely as cribed to managers is the desire to smooth.Reported income, Income smoothing reflects reducing the possible income fluctuations so as to make it as stable as possible throughout the ism. Almost of income smoothing research in Indonesia used Eckel’s index to clasify smoother non smoother firms. Empirical evidences have provided support for the existence of an income smoothing behavior. The studies showed inconsistent about factors determining this smoothing. The purp ose of the present investigation is twofold. First, we seek to determine if Eckel index is a reliable instrument to measure income smoothing behavior.Second, we pretend to identify the new instrument to measure incidence of income smoothing. Our research sample comprises manufacturing companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange, over period of 1999-2008. This study confirms Eckel’s index is not reliability instru ment. The new proposed index quantifies the incidence of income smoothing without depend on n periods. The results imply that researchers should re-examine the conclusion of previous studies, particularly that determinant, factors and effect of income smoothing practices. Key words: income smoothing, Eckel’s index, c oefficient of variation, reliability.INTRODUCTION It has been noticed that income statement is considered as one of the statements to be presented in financial reporting. For that reason, the company’s earning is considered vital infor mation for it can be used to measure the corporate performance. In other words, information of the earning can be used to assess the performance or accountability of management and also predict the ability of companies in the effort of contributing to the following earning. In general, earning reporting is frequently not free from the accounting manipulation. Yet it appears different from the fraudulence.Accounting manipulation can be still in tolerant when it is put in the accounting rules. In contrast, fraudulence practices tend to be against the rules and accounting standards. Thus, it is delicately different from income smoothing. In fact, one 59 of the practices of accounting manipulation is income smoothing. In connection with the pursuit of analyzing income smoothing in the companies, some definitions of it can be inferred. First of all, income smoothing is defined as the emphasis on the fluctuations in income levels that are considered normal for the company (Barnea et al. 1 976). For another thing, Beidleman, (1973) defines income smoothing as the management efforts to reduce abnormal variations in the earning to the extent permitted by the principles of good management and accounting. Income smoothing in such instances, is as a tool used by management to reduce the variability of reported income stream relative to the target which is intentionally smoothed by using artificial or real variable. In addition, income smoothing is one-dimensional manipulation of accounts that attract the atten- ISSN 2087-3735 The Theoretical Construction †¦ (Alwan Sri Kustono) ion of many accounting literature in the realm of earnings management. Beside, income smoothing reflects the concern to reduce the possibility of fluctuations in income by making a steady flow Research on income smoothing in Indonesia generally examine several factors which are allegedly to motivate management to do income smoothing. They identify the existence of such practices and followed by testing management motivation. The results of these studies have identified those most public companies in Indonesia have conducted income smoothing. All in all, most of the studies are uniform in terms of inferring he end results. Testing the triggering factor of income smoothing policy by the company management has not consistently been recovered. Among the results of such studies are often inconsistent to one another. For example, Kustono (2010) stated that the inconsistency of their findings was caused by the measuring devices. These devices are thought to be unreliable. For example, Index Eckel does not have the ability to capture the practice of income smoothing between periods. In that situation, it shows that some companies are classified by grading only in one particular year.This is considered to have deviated from the definition of income smoothing. The classification based on Eckel index for one company may also change because of changes in the period used to determine t he coefficient of variation. Change of classification shows that the index is not reliable as a tool. In other words, Eckel is as an identifier of smoothing and not merely for smoothing. Kustono (2010) asserted the idea of the need for new instruments. This research is intended to correct weaknesses of the Eckel and construct an index measuring instrument which is more reliable income smoothing factor.This construction is very important because the use of measuring instrument error will cause errors either in the phase of conclusions related to the classification of sample or the determinants and impact of such classification. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK It is a fact that income smoothing becomes a phenomenon which has been often proved in some previous studies. This practice has been investigated through various levels of different samples. Furthermore, income smoothing is considered to be an important factor. Research by Moses (1987) and Atik & Sensoy (2005) shows that at least 60% of h e sample used in the study can be classified as smoothing the company earnings. Another proponent, such as Barnea et al. (1976) classified accounting income smoothing as inter-temporal smoothing and classification. Inter-temporal smoothing is based on the situation when cost and expenses are recognized and smoothing classification is done with the classification under ordinary cost and extraordinary one in which the ordinary post finally becomes flat. Eckel (1981) distinguishes between income smoothing as a natural smoothing and intended smoothing. Natural smoothing is he alignments resulting from transactions that inherently produce a smoothed earning. In other words, the company's operations to generate income by collecting revenues and expenses are inherently to eliminate fluctuations in income flows. In other words, the process of generating income itself generates a stream of smoothed income. Alignment occurs without the intervention of any party. Income smoothing is accidental ly triggered by the motivation which is based on the management actions. There are two types of income smoothing: intentional, that is income smoothing of the real intention nd the other one is artificial income smoothing. Real income smoothing indicates management actions that seek to control economic conditions that directly affect corporate earnings in the future. In addition, this real income smoothing affects cash flow. On the contrary, artificial income smoothing can show manipulation which is undertaken by management to smooth the earning. Thus, the action of this manipulation resulted in a fundamental or economic condition that can affect cash flow, but shifts 60 Journal of Economics, Business and Accountancy Ventura Accreditation No. 10/DIKTI/Kep/2009 the cost and/or income from one period to another. By taking for granted, such a trend can be traced from several research. Some studies, in fact, have been conducted to identify the smoothing behavior, such as motivation and its impact on future transactions, a company that has been doing income smoothing. This can also be found in other studies such as (Lev & Kunitzky, 1974; Ammihud et al. , 1983, Wang & Williams, 1994; Michelson et al. , 1995; Iniguez & Poveda, 2004). These proponents also provide empirical support toward statement that management reduces he variability of cash flows and earning for the purpose of minimizing the risk of the company. Income smoothing is also intended to increase the value of the firm (Gordon, 1964; Trueman & Titman, 1988; Gibbins et al. , 1990; and Chaney & Lewis, 1995; 1998). Estimator of Income smoothing Income smoothing can only be investigated through some periods by suspecting a certain earning rate of the targeted, e. g. , both highand low-digits earning reports. Some researchers use a two-period model by assuming that the earning target is proportional to the income report in the previous year Copeland, 1968). In other words, the size of alignment is the magnitu de of changes in the earning from one year to the next. Other researchers also evaluated the earning target using multi-period test. The underlying assumption is that it should be an evenly increasing trend (Gordon, 1966). Some of the models used are the exponential model (Dascher and Malcolm, 1970), linear time series models (Barefield and Comiskey, 1972), time trend semi-logaritma (Beidleman, 1973) and model of the market return index (Ronen & Sadan, 1975). For example, Dopuch & Watts (1972) suggest the use ofBox-Jenkins techniques to ensure the alignment model is applicable. Models of earning target are differentiated from the real earning. Often, these models contain errors inherent profit target 61 Volume 14, No. 1, April 2011, pages 59 – 78 because its validity can not be detected empirically. In that case, Ronen & Sadan (1975) suggested that we do income smoothing approach. In particular, income smoothing can be identified if the researcher is faced by the following fo ur questions. 1. What is the object alignment implemented by the management? 2. What is the dimension of management s used to perform smoothing. 3. What instrument of smoothing is used by management 4. What is the object of such smoothing behavior? In connection with the above efforts, Imhoff (1977) and Eckel (1981) developed a methodology based on testing the variability of income associated with the variability of sales. The model used to predict the existence of income smoothing or earnings variation is inter-period variant. They assume that the level of earning depends on the level of sales. The basic idea is that the change in sales can affect the earning. If the variance of income is less than the variance f sales, it can be concluded that the smoothing has been done. Eckel (1981) model of the income smoothing is done by basing on the following premises. 1. Income is a linear function of the sales = sales-cost variable-fixed cost. 2. The ratio of variable costs to sales is in constant currency units 3. Fixed costs are constant or increasing from period to period, but not likely to decline. 4. Gross sales can only be smoothed by real smoothing; gross sales can not be artificially smoothed. Mathematically, Eckel illustrates all the above as the following: when, I=S-VS-FC, and FC;0, and FC t+1 ;=FC t, and 0

To Kill a Mocking Bird Novel Evaluation in Relation to US History Book Reviews

To Kill a Mocking Bird is a novel that deals with serious issues of racial inequality and rape in the American society in 1930s. These are contemporary issues that affected the country during the time in which the book was written. The novel is written by Lee Harper and was published in the year 1960. The major issues of the novel involve destruction of people’s innocence and racial injustice (Johnson, 1994). This target audience of this book was the majority whites. Reading this book would make them realize the pains the African Americans went through. The novel became a model for many lawyers and a moral hero to the readers. Many scholars have noted that Harper addressed specific issues of compassion, racism, courage, class and gender roles in the Southern parts of America during the Civil Rights Movement. The characters and the plot of this novel are based on Lee’s observations, basically of her own family and neighbours. She also includes an event thought to have oc curred in her hometown at the age of ten. Therefore, the novel To Kill a Mocking Bird is a good source for history because it has very many lessons to do with decry prejudice, racism, and tolerance. It should be noted that the reader will gain a lot of educational information from the novel. Set in the town of Maycomb, Alabama, during the 1930s, the novel represents the African Americans as victims of continued oppression and racial prejudice. The novel presents politics, the economics, race relations, social constructs, setting, race relations and environment of the time. Some parts of this novel relate to the issues of comfort and safety of children in the environment. The book also challenged the social constructs of the day. Status quo in this society was a big problem during the time of writing the novel. The African Americans in the novel do not have any political powers in comparison with their oppressors. The two races presented in the novel do not relate well with one another as there are increased cases of bigotry, racial hatred and discrimination (O’Neill, 2000). Having been set in the Deep South, the novel presents the societal setting and values in advancing better understanding the economic, political and social issues of the time. The reader will gain all these educational information from the novel. Although this novel was a success, there are several things about it that are misleading since it is a work of fiction. To begin with, the character of Atticus Finch is greatly exaggerated. In this novel, Atticus becomes a folk hero in the legal circles of the day and is also treated as if he were a real person. Sincerely speaking, there is no real-life person or lawyer who has ever done more for the public perception as compared to Finch. Therefore, Finch should be noted as a paragon in this novel. Also, the treatment of racial prejudice in Maycomb is not harshly condemned as it would be expected. This leads to a disparate perception that this novel had positive impact on racial relations although with an ambiguous reception (O’Neill, 2000). The presentation of black characters in the novel is not dimensional at all. Classical racial epithets and stereotyping of the blacks as superstitions appears to marginalize the blacks. Ideas like gender roles and race also appear over-ex pressed in the novel. Abusive fathers and absent mothers also make another important theme of the novel. Relating the novel to the time in which it was written, it should be noted that the average reader might be deceived when it comes to setting, dialogue and clothing in the novel. There is also a lot of stereotyping of the blacks (Lee, 1960). Basically, the novel condemns acts of racism other than the racists. For a white person to come up with a novel of this intensity is seen by many as protestation and the reason it is believed to have a number of misleading information. Basically, popular novels give information about the time in which they were written. For example, a novel like To Kill a Mocking Bird presents information about racism and injustice faced during the time of Civil Rights Movement in United States. Such novels had been written with the intent of changing people’s mindsets and address some of the issues affecting man (Lee, 1960). Depending on the kind of information available in a novel, it will make it appealing across time. This is why present readers can gain a lot of historical information and knowledge from popular novels. However, it is not an obligation of the author to provide to the reader historical correct context for a novel since it is a work of fiction. It remains the right of such an author to willingly give such kind of historical information. It is also necessary to note that some novels provide historical information about the time in which they were written. However, sometimes it does not matter whether the in formation is correct or not unless the novel is an historical presentation of a given event in time (Johnson, 1994). The accuracy of a novel will significantly depend on its use and the information presented by the author. For the case of the To Kill a Mocking Bird, the novel has a lot of historical information about the Civil Rights Movements in United States during the period in which it was written. It would therefore necessary for the author to present some information about the novel however this is not mandatory. In conclusion, the novel To Kill a Mocking Bird happens to be a good source of historical information because it has very many lessons to do with decry prejudice, racism, and tolerance. This novel presents the historical situations of the 1930s in the South parts of America (Bloom, 2006). Issues of racism, rape and social injustice have been presented in the exact manner in which they happened during the time of its writing. Despite some of the flaws in the novel, it still remains useful as a tool for teaching history. The novel, To Kill a Mocking Bird is up to this day renowned for its humour and warmth despite tackling serious issues of racial inequality and rape. This is therefore one of the greatest novels relating to the historical events of United States of the twentieth century. References Bloom, H. (2006). Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird. New York: New Press. Johnson, C. (1994). To Kill a Mocking Bird: Threatening Boundaries. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Lee, H. (1960). To Kill a Mocking Bird. New York: J.P. Lippincott Co. O’Neill, T. (2000). Readings on to Kill a Mockingbird. New York: John Wiley and Sons. Shields, C. (2007). Mockingbird: A Portrait of Harper Lee. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.